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| March 20, 2024, 2:38 p.m.
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Across the board
A bet on a horse to win, place, and show. If the horse wins, the player collects three ways; if second, two ways; and if third, one way, losing the win and place bets.
ADMC Program (Anti-Doping and Medication Control)
The ADMC Program establishes a centralized testing and results management process that applies uniform penalties for violations efficiently and consistently across all American Thoroughbred racing jurisdictions that HISA governs. HIWU oversees testing, educating stakeholders on the program, laboratory accreditation, investigation of potential violations, and prosecution of any such violations.
Adverse Analytical Finding (AAF)
A negative result from a laboratory reporting the detection of the presence of a prohibited drug or its metabolites or markers.
All Out
When a horse has the lead and is under extreme pressure to hold off another rival.
Allowance Race
One step above lower-level claiming races, the conditions of eligibility are very similar except that the horses are not for sale. Allowance horses are often being prepared to compete in stakes events but are eligible for these “conditioned” races.
Allowed To Settle
When a horse is unhurried by the jockey during the early stages of a race and allowed to gain his best stride.
Also-eligible
A horse officially entered in a race, but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches.
Also-ran
A horse who finishes out of the money (i.e. did not win, place, or show).
Altered Course
Refers to a positioning change during the running of a race when a horse has to change paths. Generally used in the stretch run when horses swing out to find a open lane.
Angled In
When a horse rider chooses to shift their horse's running path inward to avoid congestion during the stretch, it's known as an inside move.
Angled Out
When the rider on an unimpeded horse elects to alter his mount’s running path outside to avoid potential congestion. This generally occurs when the horse is entering the stretch and is a gradual move.
As Rider Pleased
As rider pleased is a phrase that refers to when a horse has the victory secured and the margin of victory is determined by the amount of pressure exerted by the rider.
Assumed Command
When a horse gains the lead at any point during the race. It should be used in conjunction with a position on the track (e.g. assumed command quarter pole).
Attempted To Wheel
Term used at the start. It is used when a horse ducks either in or out sharply. The horse crosses over at least three stall lengths in front of the starting gate, then is straightened away. He should be WELL behind the rest of the field after being straightened.
Away Alertly
Term used at the start. This term should only be used when horses break MUCH quicker than the rest of the field. There should not be more than one or two horses that break sharply in the same race. THIS COMMENT IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH BROKE SHARPLY.
Apprentice
A novice jockey who has not yet ridden for a full year past his or her 35th winner, or some other time frame specified by a given state’s racing rules. While jockeys serve their apprenticeship, they are accorded a 5-to 10-pound weight allowance, or reduction from their respective weight assignments in all races except stakes. The slang term for an apprentice allowance or rider is “bug boy.” The term comes from the asterisk that usually accompanies an apprentice rider’s name in the entries.
Backstretch
The straight area of the track between the turns. Also, the stable area.
Bandage
Strips of cloth wound around the lower part of a horse’s legs for support or protection against injury.
Banned substances/methods
Substances, drugs, or methods that are prohibited in horse racing at all times. Contrast to Controlled Medication Substances.
Bar shoe
A horse shoe with a rear bar to protect an injured foot; bar shoes may be worn with aluminum pads to protect a bruised frog, or may be worn alone.
Best Stride Late
When a horse is generally outrun during the early stages, then gets into gear too late to overtake the leaders. He finishes with good energy and in most instances, is moving fastest at the wire.
Between Horses
Simply refers to a position between two more more horses.
Beyer Speed Figure
A calculated number that expresses how fast a horse has run in each of his starts. The calculation is based on the final time, the distance, and the speed of the track (i.e. track variant). It basically normalizes race times across all tracks, distances, and surfaces. Note that the calculation is not a mechanical process - it is done manually by human beings with some subjective measurements incorporated.
Bid, Hung
Used during the running of a race when a horse drives up alongside the leader(s) and looks like he is going to emerge as the winner, then cannot gain further on the leaders and finishes evenly.
Blanket finish
Horses finishing so closely together they could be “covered by a blanket.”
Bled
When a horse bleeds from the nostrils either during the running of a race, or when returning to be unsaddled. Note : It is always a good idea to check to see if a horse has bled if he stops suddenly during the race.
Blinkers
Eye equipment that limits a horse’s vision; generally used to help the horse concentrate on running and to reduce distraction.
Blocked
Used when a horse tries to make a move during the race and has no room to run due to the fact that there are horses in front of him. Generally, when horses are blocked, they have to be steadied and those two comments commonly are used together. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH BOXED.
Bobbled
This term is used primarily at the start, but can be used in other instances. Horses bobble when they break awkwardly when in tight quarters. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH BROKE IN A TANGLE OR STUMBLED.
Bolted
Used on the turns when a horse bears out sharply. This term is more severe than BORE OUT due to the fact that he bears out very quickly and ends up well past the middle of the track.
Bore In
Applies when a horse continues to move inward in a quick, uncontrolled move. This term can be seen best when reviewing the head on shot on the video tape replays. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH LUGGED IN.
Bore Out
This term is the exact opposite of BORE IN. Boxed See BLOCKED.
Box
If you have two or more horses that you think will finish in the top spots, but your are not sure of the order, you can box them. Example: An exacta box on horses #3 and #6. You win if #3 wins and #6 places OR #6 wins and #3 places. The same method can be applied to boxing a trifecta or a superfecta.
Break Maiden
When a horse or rider wins for the first time.
Breeze
A term generally used to describe a workout in which a horse is easily running under a hold without encouragement from the rider.
Bridge jumper
A bettor that places large bets in the Place or Show pools on odds-on favorites.
Brief Foot
When a horse shows speed during the early stages of a race, then tires.
Brief Speed
Used when a horse shows some early speed, then backs out of contention.
Broke In Air
Used at the start. When a horse’s front legs leave the ground at the start and he breaks poorly. Of course, all horses’ legs are off the ground a bit, but in this instance, he is well up in the air, compromising his position. Note : In the vast majority of instances, horses that break in the air should be carried as a “good for all but..” in the start line.
Broke In Tangle
Used at the start when a horse gets away awkwardly or the ground breaks away under him. It takes him a while to find his best stride. Note : Generally, horses that break in a tangle should be listed as good for all but… in the start line.
Broke Sharply
See AWAY ALERTLY.
Broke Slowly
Used at the start when the horse has no other excuse other than the fact that he broke a bit behind the rest of the field. He was not bumped, steadied, bobbled or unprepared for the start, just came away from the gate a bit tardy.
Broke Through Gate
Used at the start when a horse forces his way through the starting gate prior to the start.
Broken Equipment
Self explanatory. Note: When horses bear out or bolt on the turns, it is a good idea to check to see if the horse has some broken equipment. (broken rein, iron, etc.).
Broodmare
A female thoroughbred that is used for breeding.
Broodmare dam
A mare that produces female progeny that are used for breeding.
Broodmare sire
A male horse that produces female progeny that are used for breeding.
Brushed
When a horse either makes slight contact with a rival or has the contact initiated by another horse (similar to “bumped” but less severe).
Bucked
Generally used at the start or shortly thereafter. Instead of settling into stride, a horse is erratic and rank, looking similar to a bucking horse in the rodeo.
Bug
A weight allowance for an apprentice rider. BULLET (WORKOUT) The best time for each distance on the workout line for a given day, designated by a black dot.
Bull Ring
A small track where the oval is generally less than one mile and, thus, has very tight turns.
Bumped
Used when a horse is bumped by another horse is the horse who initiates the bumping. Should be accompanied by another explanatory work such as bumped rival or bumped by rival.
Bute (Butazolidin)
Trade name for phenylbutazone, an analgesic that is illegal to be administered within 48 hours of a race but allowed at threshold levels.
Caller (or Chart Caller)
One who calls the running positions of horses in a race.
Came Again
Applies when a horse has the lead, loses it to a rival, then regains ground. The horse does not necessarily have to win, but should be gaining ground on the leaders at the finish.
Carried Out
As implied, this term is to be used when a horse is forced out by another rival.
Carryover
Usually refers to money in the parimutuel pool for a Pick Six wager that is left over after a sequence fails to have a single player select all of the winners. For example, if there are no winning tickets for a Pick Six on a Friday at a track, the money left in the pool (minus the track take) is a considered a carryover and will be added to the pool for Saturday’s Pick Six. Successive carryovers can lead to very large Pick Six pools.
Chased
When a horse is running in close attendance to the leader without challenging for the lead.
Chalk
Horse favored in a race. Bettor who wagers on favorites.
Checked
Description of a horse whose momentum is interrupted by its jockey for an instant because the horse is cut off or in tight quarters. In terms of severity, from least to most, falls between “steadied” and “taken up.”
Checked Repeatedly
Used when a horse has to steady or take up a number of times when racing in tight quarters. See CHECKED for a more detailed explanation.
Chute
Extension of backstretch or homestretch to permit a straightaway run from start.
Circled Field
Used when a horse is forced to go widest to reach contention. It is applicable when a horse must pass four or more rivals.
Claiming Race
The most common of all races, stipulating a price (such as $25,000) for which any horse in the race may be purchased. In essence, the owners put their horses up for sale, knowing the horses may be claimed (bought) prior to the running of the race. When the starting gate springs open, a claimed horse becomes the property of the new owner, although any purse money earned in that race goes to the previous owner. Different claiming prices provide a point of reference to different class levels.
Clipped Heels
When horses are running in close quarters and the front legs of one horse clip the back legs of another horse. This can cause a horse to stumble and lose momentum, or worse, cause an accident. This can be determined due to the fact that the jockey on the horse must take up sharply on his horse, altering his stride dramatically. In many instances, the jockey may lose his irons in the process, or the horse may fall.
Clocker
One who times (or rates) workouts and races.
Closed Fast
When a horse is finishing the race with good speed, gaining lengths on the leaders. Closed Gap When a horse gains ground on the leaders through the stretch run.
Closer
A horse who runs best in the latter part of the race, coming from off the pace.
Close Up
When a horse is racing in good position, generally a few lengths behind the leaders.
Closed Willingly
When a horse makes up ground steadily through the late stages of a race.
Closed With A Rush
When a horse is moving fastest of all through the late stages of a race, gaining on the leaders with every stride.
Clubhouse Turn
The first turn of races that begin on the frontstretch/homestretch.
Colors
Racing silks (jacket and cap) worn by riders to denote the owner(s) of horse.
Colt
Male horse under 5 years of age.
Consolation
A payout, typically in a Pick Six, where players without a full winning ticket still receive money. For example, a player that hits 5-of-6 races in the Pick the winner of six consecutive races.">Pick 6 will typically collect a small consolation payout. Consolations are generally much smaller than the full payout.
Contended
When a horse is within striking range, generally within eight lengths of the leaders.
Controlled medication Substances
Substances or drugs with therapeutic uses for horses but that, with certain exceptions, may not be present in a post-race or post-work sample. They are acceptable in out-of-competition samples.
Two specific races make up the Daily Double. Pick one horse in each race. If they finish 1st in both races, you win. You have to make your bet before the first race.">Daily Double
Type of wager calling for the selection of winners of two races.
Dam
Mother of a horse.
Dead head
Two or more horses finishing in a tie at the wire.
Derby
A stakes race for three-year-old horses.
Digger
A horse that nervously paws holes in the ground inside her stall. It’s a sign of a nervous horse.
Disliked Track
In most instances, this term should be used when horses are running over an “off” track. Horses that appear to be unable to settle into stride (i.e.climbing) and do not seems to get untracked during any portion of the race.
Distanced
When a horse is badly outrun (generally 25 lengths or more behind the next closest finisher) but still finishes the race.
Disqualification
Change in order of finish by officials for an infraction of the rules.
Dog
A cone or other obstruction placed a specified distance from the rail of the turf course to keep horses from damaging that portion of the grass.
Drew Clear
When a horse moves to the lead at a point in the race and opens up a margin over the closest pursuer of two lengths or more.
Drew Even
When a horse draws nose to nose with the leader.
Drew Off
Term describes a horse that has gained the lead, then opens a clear advantage. It is used ONLY when a horse is in front. However, it does not necessarily mean that a horse has to win (e.g. drew off turn, weakened mid stretch).
Drifted
This term is a less severe description of horses that BORE OUT or BOLTED. It pertains only to a horse’s course through the stretch run and can be determined only by reviewing the head on shot of the video tape replay. Horses that drift do so gradually. Any other more deliberate movements to the outside should be classified as BORE OUT or BOLTED.
Driving
Used only for the winner. Strong urging by rider in stretch. It describes a horse that is under constant pressure, either through whipping or a strong hand ride to prevail.
Dropped Back
As logic would indicate, this term should be used to describe a horse that raced close up during the early portion of a race, then lost ground. Generally, it should be used in conjunction with BRIEF SPEED.
Ducked In Gap
Used when a horse ducks into a gap between the temporary railing put up for some races that come out of a chute, then makes a sharp left hand turn onto the main track.
Dueled
Used when two or more horses are head and head for the lead for an extended period of time.
Dull Effort
Used when a horse fails to be a factor at any point during the race. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH A NUMBER OF OTHERS, INCLUDING NO THREAT, NO FACTOR, FAILED TO Menace, trailed, throughout, etc.
Dwelt
Term used only at the start. Describes a horse that stays in the gate after the rest of the field has broken. He then breaks several lengths behind the rest of the field.
EAD Notice
A notice served by the HIWU that is the first communication with the responsible person. It sets forth the facts with respect to a possible violation of the ADMC Program and requests an explanation from the responsible person.
Ears Pricked
When a horse’s ears are straight up and facing forward. Generally used to note that a horse is alert.
Eased
A situation when a horse is well behind the leaders and his rider has determined that he is hopelessly beaten and allows him to gallop along under no pressure. A horse pulled up before the finish of a race, usually due to injury or fatigue.
Easily
When a horse wins a race and is under no pressure at any point during the race to control his rivals.
Empty
When a horse is in contention, then is asked to respond by his jockey, either through the use of the whip or strong hand urging. If the horse does not respond to these tactics, he comes up EMPTY.
Entry
Two or more horses owned by the same stable or (in some cases) trained by the same trainer and thus running as a single betting unit.
Equipment
Whip, blinkers, etc. Gear carried by a horse and/or rider in a race.
Equivalent odds
Mutuel price horses pay for each $1 bet.
Erratic
A horse races erratically when he “runs in spots”, in other words, he moves to contention, drops back, comes on again, drops back, etc. Also, young horses with little or no racing experience could race erratically, swerving in and out and could be used in this instance instead of GREENLY.
Evenly
When a horse maintains a relative position behind the leaders throughout the entire race and never offers much of a bid.
A bet in which the player attempts to pick the 1st and 2nd place horse on one ticket.">exacta
A wager in which the first two finishers in a race, in exact order of finish, must be picked.
Faded
When a horse races in contention during the early stages of a race, then drops back.
Failed To Menace
Another term which describes a horse’s entire performance. A horse that raced near the back of the field the entire way and did not offer a bid or gain significantly on the leaders at any point. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH NO THREAT, FAILED TO RESPOND, ETC.
Failed To Respond
Nearly the same as FAILED TO MENACE with one subtle difference. If a jockey is noticeably attempting to get his horse to get untracked and he does not react, he has FAILED TO RESPOND.
Failed To Sustain Bid
Applies when a horse moves to contention at some point during the race, then lacks a further response and either finishes evenly or drops back.
Faltered
This term, along with quite a few other comments describes a horse that gives ground during a race. In other words, he backs off the leaders, generally in the late stages. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH WEAKENED, TIRED, GAVE WAY, ETC.
Far Back
When a horse is more than 20 lengths behind the leaders.
Fast Pace
When the leading horses in a race set fractional times that are substantially faster than normal for the distance.
Fell
As implied, this term is used when a horse falls. This could be caused by a number of factors, including clipping heels, stumbling, breaking down, or even taking a bad step. FELL should be accompanied by another explanatory comment such as CLIPPED HEELS, STUMBLED,FELL OVER RIVAL, ETC.
Field
The horses in a race.
Field Horse (or Mutuel field)
Two or more starters running as a single betting unit, when there are more entrants than positions on the tote board.
Filly
Female horse age 4 or younger.
Finished Well
A horse that closed a good deal of ground through the stretch run. IT MAY BE INTERCHANGEABLE WITH FOUND BEST STRIDE LATE.
Firm
A condition of a turf course equivalent to fast on a dirt track.
Fixed Shoe
A horse that throws his shoe, either in the paddock or during the post parade and has to be returned to the paddock to be reshod.
Flattened Out
When a horse moves to a contending position, then cannot gain significantly and finishes evenly.
Flipped In Gate
Term used only at the start. It refers to a horse that is acting up in the gate, then rears up and either falls backward or becomes hung up in the gate. In nearly all instances, the horse also loses his rider in the process.
Foal
A newborn horse.
Forced Out
A horse that is forced to race wide due to the fact that another horse is either getting out or bolting. It is also possible that there are three or four horses across the track which forces a horse very wide to gain contention. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH CARRIED OUT.
Forced Wide
See FORCED OUT.
Form
The current condition of a horse; may also refer to The Daily Racing Form publication.
Formulator
Premium Daily Racing Form past performances that allow players to customize statistical data.
Fractional time
Intermediate time recorded in a race, as at the quarter, half, three-quarters, etc.
Fractious
This is when a horse is hard to handle or unruly. The horse may appear to be “fired up,” throwing his head around while running or fighting the jockey. Usually used more in the paddock or parade than during the race.
Fractious In Gate
Used only at the start, this term is used for horses that are acting up more than normal in the starting gate, and possibly for a horse that unseats his rider or takes an unusually long time in entering the starting gate.
Fractious Post Parade
As logic would indicate, this term is for a horse that is acting up considerably during the post parade. He could be lunging in the air, running off despite the efforts of his jockey, or generally being unruly.
Front-runner
A horse who usually leads (or tries to lead) the field for as far as he can.
Full Of Run
When a horse is gaining ground quickly on the leaders during the stretch run.
Fully Extended
When a horse wins a race but has been put to extreme pressure by his rider to hold off rivals.
Furlong
One-eighth of a mile; 220 yards; 660 feet.
Gained Command
See ASSUMED COMMAND.
Gaining
Although this term is similar to FOUND BEST STRIDE LATE and FINISHED WELL, there is a subtle difference in that this type of rally is more of a slow, steady gain rather than a quicker burst of speed associated with the other two terms.
Gamely
A horse that narrowly misses victory. He has either dueled for command from the outset and gave way grudgingly in the late stages, or set all the pace and just missed.
Gate
Starting mechanism.
Gave Way
Another term for a horse that loses ground after becoming a factor during some stage of the race.
Gelding
Castrated male horse.
Going
The condition of the racing surface. Dirt courses are generally rated Fast, Good, Muddy, or Sloppy. Turf courses are generally rated Firm, Good, Yielding, Soft, or Heavy.
Going Away
When a horse wins while increasing the margin of victory.
Going Backwards
When a horse is slowing down and the rest of the field is picking up speed; visually, it looks like the horse is going backwards.
Good Early Speed
A horse that breaks alertly, shows races up near the leaders, then tires.
Good Effort
Term similar to GAMELY, but has a slightly different connotation. This is more of an editorial comment for a horse that turned in a solid performance, but failed to come away with a victory for any number of reasons. He could have overcome traffic problems, dueled for command throughout, or may have been forced to race wide throughout while finishing well and may have been best with better racing luck.
Good Position
When a horse is well placed off the leaders, offering the opportunity to rally for the victory.
Got Through
When a horse is able to successfully move into an opening, either along the rail or between horses.
Graded race
Races designated as most prestigious. Thoroughbred racing has Grade 1, 2, and 3 races.
Green
When young horses are a little immature either tempermentally (e.g., they are unfocused or perhaps unsure of what do to) or physically (they may look a little uncoordinated).
Greenly
Generally used for horses with little or no racing experience. They either race forwardly, drop back, the come again, or weave in and out during the stretch run. This term is similar to, but not exactly the same as ERRATIC.
Half in (Time)
The fractional time it took the leader to get to the half-mile mark. A half in 47 seconds and below would be considered on the fast side, whereas a half in 48 to 49 seconds would be considered on the slow side. A half in 50 is considered very slow for a dirt race but would be more common in a turf race.
Hammer Lock
See “Well held” below. This can be a more extreme version of being “well held” or a way the caller can add drama to the call. It can also imply that the jockey needs to work hard to control the horse because the horse is fighting back.
Handride
When a jockey only uses his hands to urge a horse, meant to imply that the horse did not need much urging from the jockey to get the job done.
Handicap Race
A race for which weights have been assigned by the racing secretary after evaluating entrants’ and therefore improve the chances of the less-accomplished horses in the field.
Handicapper
One who assigns weights for handicap race. Also one who makes selections based on past performances.
Handily
Term applies only to a winner. Describes a horse that is well in command during the final furlong, is under no encouragement, and is taken well in hand by his rider.
Handle
The total amount of money bet into wagering pool.
Hard Used
A horse that was hard ridden during some stage of the race, generally to keep up with another horse while dueling for the lead. In most instances, a horse that is hard used will tire during the late stages.
Head of the stretch
Beginning of the straight run home.
Headed
When a horse has the lead, then another rival briefly gains a short advantage. Generally this term is used when the horse in question retakes the lead at another point in the race.
Heavy Track
A grass racing surface that has received an extremely large amount of water and is an almost bog-like condition.
Held Place
When a horse finishes second but has enough left to hold off the rest of the field.
Held Well
When a horse finished well enough to hold his position through the stretch run.
Hit Gate
Term used only at the start. A horse that bounces off the side of the gate at the break due to one of a number of factors. This incident can only be seen through reviewing the head on video tape replay of the race.
Hit Rail
As implied, this term is used for a horse that hits the inner rail at some point during the race. A horse could hit the rail for a number of reasons including ducking in and hitting the rail due to his own efforts, or being forced in by another horse when in tight quarters, hitting the rail.
Hit With Rival’s Whip
This generally occurs during the stretch drive when two horses are dueling for the lead and are lapped on one another. With both riders hitting their mounts, it is possible for one horse to be hit by the other rider’s whip inadvertently.
HIWU (Horseracing Integrity and Welfare Unit)
The Horseracing Integrity & Welfare Unit (HIWU) was established in 2022 by Drug Free Sport International to administer the rules and enforcement mechanisms of the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority’s (HISA) Anti-Doping and Medication Control (ADMC) Program.
Horse
An ungelded male horse 5 or older.
Hustled Along
A horse that is being kept to urging, either by the use of the whip or strong hand urging to keep up or maintain position.
Hung
A horse that looks like he is going to emerge as the winner, driving right up alongside the leader(s) but just does not have enough to go by, and flattens out or finishes evenly.
In Hand
Term describing a riding style in which a jockey is trying to conserve a horse’s energy for the later stages of a race. It can be used for a horse running on the lead, with the rider slowing down the pace, or for a late running sort who does not want to be rushed before launching his bid. When a jockey has the horse under restraint to conserve energy. It also implies that the horse is not fighting back. Can also be used as “taken in hand” to imply that the jockey has asked the horse to slow down and the horse responded.
In the money
Finishing first, second, or third.
In Tight
As it sounds, the horse is stuck in traffic or in a tight spot. A horse that is experiencing traffic troubles during a certain point of the race. If a horse lacks racing room due to bunching of the field, or his rider has to check or steady in traffic, he is IN TIGHT.
Inside
Term describing a horse’s positioning on the track. It is particularly effective for handicappers who are trying to determine track bias and for trip handicappers. It is just as important as noting how wide a horse has raced.
Inquiry
Reviewing the race to check into a possible infraction of the rules.
Jockey Claimed Foul
This term is helpful, especially when a jockey has claimed foul against another horse in the field and the stewards determined that there was insufficient evidence to warrant a disqualification. Obviously, the rider felt that he was impeded in some manner and should be a benefit to the handicapper in the horse’s next outing.
Just Failed
When the horse has the lead but is narrowly beaten by a rival in the late going.
Just Lasted
A term similar to ALL OUT describing a horse who was struggling to hold on to a diminishing lead, but did hang on for the victory. The term JUST LASTED should be used only for a horse that wins.
Just Missed
A horse that, as opposed to one that JUST LASTED, was gaining ground with every stride and with just a bit more ground, would likely have emerged with a win. Obviously, horses that just missed would have been beaten in a photo finish.
Jumped Tracks
In most instances this would refer to a horse that had jumped tracks left across the racing surface by the starting gate. This horse left his feet and was thrown off stride.
Jumped Shadow
A horse that jumps shadows that cover the track from time to time. As with JUMPED TRACKS, the horse left his feet and was thrown off stride for a brief time.
Key race
A key race is where at least two horses in the field win in their next start, thus signifying that the class of the key race is very good and that other horses coming out of the key race must be respected the next time they start.
Lacked Late Response
A horse that has moved to contention, then lacks that final closing kick that could carry him to victory, or a horse that is well placed from the outset, but cannot muster a rally.
Lasix
Term for a diuretic medication used in the treatment of bleeders.
Late Gain
When a horse closes ground through the stretch run, finishing closer to the leaders than he was when entering the stretch.
Late Rally
As with a number of other terms such as FINISHED WELL, GAINING, and FOUND BEST STRIDE LATE, this describes a horse that is steadily closing ground through the stretch run after racing off the pace.
Lead Between Calls
This term is especially helpful for handicappers who are reviewing race result information. Sometimes a horse gains the lead between our points of call, then is not in front at the next point of call. This insight will provide serious handicappers with additional information.
Led Throughout
A horse that wins the race in front running fashion, leading virtually every step of the way.
Left Handed Urging
A horse that was under strong left handed whipping by his rider.
Length
A unit of distance equal to the approximate length of a horse, used to describe the distance between the runners.
Lock
Slang for a “sure-thing” winner.
Long Drive
A horse that was kept to pressure for an unusually long period of time . Most horses have a burst of speed for about an eighth of a mile, however, others can prevail after a prolonged drive and this in when this term comes into use.
Loomed Boldly
When a horse moves rapidly to challenge for the lead.
Loose Rein
When the jockey is not pulling tight on the reins. This can indicate that it appears that the horse is moving comfortably and the jockey does not feel the need either to ask the horse to work harder; it can also mean that the jockey doesn’t need to ask the horse to slow down and conserve energy. The caller may also be trying to imply that the jockey is confident.
Lost Action
A horse that does not have a smooth stride. The reasons for a horse to lose action are varied, but can include that he disliked the track, has to steady for some reason or another, or was rank.
Lost Ground
When a horse loses lengths between one point and another in the race. In many instances, a horse loses ground when he is forced to race wide or encounters traffic problems.
Lost Irons
When a jockey loses one or both of his stirrups during the race. In many instances a rider loses his irons at the start, due to the fact that a horse does not break cleanly and throws him off balance, or when a horse stumbles or checks sharply in traffic. The best way to find if a rider lost his irons is to closely review the head on video tape replay.
Lost Jockey
This occurs when a rider falls off his horse for any of a number of reasons. Horses lose their riders frequently at the start when they stumble, or when a rider has to avoid other fallen horses or riders during a spill.
Lost Whip
This applies to a jockey who has lost his whip during the running of a race. Again, close attention to the head on shot of the video tape replay will show this. Note : When a rider loses his whip, it is important to indicate where he lost it.
Lugging In
When a horse is pulling to the inside (towards the rail) while running. This can indicate that the horse is tired. This term is the exact opposite of LUGGED OUT. IT IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH BORE IN.
Lugged Out
A horse that pulls outward, generally during the stretch run despite his rider’s efforts.. It can be best seen by reviewing the head on video replay. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH BORE OUT.
Lunged Start
As implied, this term is used only at the start and describes a horse that lunges into the air at the break. It is essentially the same as BROKE IN AIR, but not quite as severe.
Maiden
A horse who has not won a race.
Maiden race
A race for non-winners.
MARE
Female horse 5 years old or older. Also, female of any age who has been bred.
Middle Move
This term is another designed to help the serious handicapper. A middle move occurs when a horse moves quickly to contention during the middle stages of a race, then lacks a further response and finishes evenly.
Middle Of Pack
When a horse races in the mid range of horses in the field. (e.g. a horse running fifth, sixth or seventh in a field of twelve is racing in the middle of the pack).
Mild Bid
When a horse makes a slight gain in position to move within challenging range.
Mild Rally
As with a number of other terms, this describes when a horse makes up ground during the stretch run. In this instance, the gain is minimal.
Minus Pool
When enough money is bet on one horse that the pool is insufficient, after the track take, to pay the holders of the winning ticket the legal minimum odds. In this situation, the track is required to make up the difference to ensure that the bettors are paid the full amount.
Moderate Pace
When the fractional times of a race are slightly slower than the norm for the distance.
Morning line
A linemaker’s estimate of the final odds will be in a race, made before betting begins.
Much The Best
Used only with a horse that has won the race. He drew out to an authoritative win, and as indicated, was a superior animal on this particular day. MUDDER
A horse who races well on a muddy track.
Never Far Back
A horse that raced in contention during the early stages of a race. He was racing in good position. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH WELL PLACED.
Nicely Rated
This term should be used to describe a riding style in which a jockey did a good job of either slowing down the pace, or conserving a horse’s energy. A horse that was nicely rated was allowed to relax, and more often than not produced a good effort.
No Excuse
As implied, this refers to a horse that was well placed within striking distance, but failed to produce the needed winning response.
No Factor
A horse that failed to be prominent at any point in the race.
No Match For Winner
This term should be used only with a horse that has finished second. In this instance the winner was a clearly superior animal, but the horse in question was second best.
No Rally
When a horse is in position to be a sharp factor, then lacked the needed response once called upon. THIS TERM IN INTERCHANGEABLE WITH FAILED TO RESPOND, LACKED LATE RESPONSE.
No response
When a horse does not respond. Frequently used when a horse is passed by another horse and does not appear to try any harder or when a horse is asked for run by the jockey and does not respond.
No Speed
Term applies to a horse that shows no speed at all during the entire race. It is an alternative to NO FACTOR or OUTRUN.
No Threat
Used to describe a horse that runs an even race and was not really a factor at any point. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH NO FACTOR.
NOSE
Smallest advantage a horse can have at the finish.
Objection
Claim of foul lodged by rider. If lodged by a patrol judge or other official, it is called an inquiry.
Odds-on
A horse whose odds are less than even money. A horse whose odds are 4-5 is said to be odds-on.
Off Slowly
Term used only at the start. As with its opposite AWAY ALERTLY, we are referring to a horse that breaks cleanly, but a few lengths slower than the rest of the field. Horses that are off slowly do not necessarily have to be noted in the “good for all but…” category in the start line. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH BROKE SLOWLY.
Off the board
A horse that fails to finish in the money.
Off the pace
A horse that is lagging back in the early stages fo a race.
Off track
A racing surface that is anything other than Fast (dirt) or Firm (turf).
Official
Sign displayed when result is confirmed. Also a racing official.
On the board
Finishing among the first three; sometimes the first four.
On the muscle
When a horse is full of him or herself, ready to run. Zenyatta was usually the prime example of a horse on the muscle in the paddock. When used during the race, the caller is probably trying to imply that the horse looks ready to make a big move.
On the nose
Betting a horse to win only.
Optional claimer
A race where the horses in the field may or may not be entered for a claiming price.
Outfinished
Used to describe a horse that is in sharp contention during the late stages of a race, then lacked the needed surge to gain a victory. He may be turning in his best effort, but may not be good enough on this particular day.
Outrun
Term applies to a horse’s entire performance when he races well back during the entire race. He was either overmatched or for some reason or other was never a factor in the outcome. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH NO THREAT OR NO FACTOR.
Overlay
A horse going off at a higher price than warranted in comparison to its real chances of winning, i.e. the actual or current odds exceed the Morning Line odds, e.g. Morning Line is 3-1 but the current odds are 7-1. An A horse whose odds are higher than his actual chance of winning. For example, a horse goes off at 13-1 and you feel 2-1 is more appropriate. In other words, you feel the horse has a better chance of winning than the betting public. This is a favorable bet.">overlay occurs when the public’s betting odds on a horse are higher than the morning line. For example, you might find a horse that the public has bet 10/1 on, while the track program says that the horse is actually an 3/1. Because you would be getting more of a return than the morning line, an overlay exists. Overlays happen when the public bets less on a horse than was expected.
Pace
Relative rate of early movement in a race, especially by the leader (setting the pace).
Pace call
The third-to-last call, usually with a quarter-mile remaining in the race. Usually occurs at 4 fulongs in sprints and 6 furlongs in routes.
Paddock
Structure or area where horses are saddled and kept before post time.
Parimutuel payoff
The posted amount each bettor will receive for a winning mutuel ticket.
Parlay Betting
Parlay betting allows you to combine multiple races into a single bet, even if your races aren’t ordered sequentially on the card. You make a bet and, if you win, reinvest the money into another bet.
Passed Tiring Rivals
A horse that is gaining position, but only due to the fact that others in the race are tiring and he is finishing evenly. The horse in question is moving up in racing position (i.e. moving from eighth to sixth position), but is not gaining ground significantly on the leaders.
Past Performances
A compilation of a horse’s record, including all pertinent data, as a basis for handicapping.
Perfect Trip
This term is another used as an aid to the serious handicappers, and in particular, trip handicappers. It describes a horse that has experienced no traffic trouble during the race and was not forced to race wide at any point (saved ground).
Pick the winner of three consecutive races.">Pick 3 (or 4, 5, 6, etc.)
An exotic wager which requires the player to pick the winner in successive races.
Pick Pony
A website that offers some of the best Past Performance charts and horse racing analysis on the planet.
Pinched Back
Term generally used at the start. It is used when a horse is forced to steady slightly when one rival comes in and another comes out, with the horse in question left with no room to run, therefore steadying or checking. It can also be used during the running of a race. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH IN TIGHT.
Place
Finished second in a race.
Place bet
Wager on a horse to finish first or second.
Post
Starting point or position in starting gate.
Post parade
Horses going from the paddock to starting gate, past the stands.
Post position
Position of stall in starting gate from which a horse starts.
Post time
Designated time for a race to start.
Pressed Pace
This term refers to a case where a horse has good speed and is forcing the pace set by a rival or rivals.
Prevailed
This term is used only for a winner. It describes a situation when a horse has been put to an extended drive with stiff competition and emerged with a game win.
Probably Best
When a horse should have won the race, but does not due to factors such as having to steady at a critical point in the race, racing wide, etc.
Pulled Up
This can be interchangable with “eased,” but could imply that the horse is taken out of the race more abruptly. His jockey is trying to bring his mount to a complete stop due to a number of reasons, generally unsoundness. An eased horse may keep moving at a slower pace; a pulled-up horse is made to stop.
PURSE
Prize money distributed to owners.
Quarter in (Time)
The fractional time it took the leader to get to the quarter mile. A quarter in 23 seconds and below would be considered on the fast side, whereas a quarter in 24 seconds could be considered on the slow side. A quarter in 25 is definitely considered slow, particularly for a dirt race, but would be more common in a turf race.
Quarter pole
Marker one-quarter-mile from the finish.
Quick Move
When a horse gains lengths on the leader very rapidly.
Pick two horses. If they finish 1st or 2nd, in either order, you win. Also known as an Exacta Box.">Quinella
Wager in which the first two finishers must be picked, but payoff is made no matter which of the two wins and which runs second.
Race card
A full day’s races at one track.
Rallied
This term is another for horses that are gaining ground significantly through the stretch run. IT IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH CLOSED WILLINGLY, FINISHED WELL AND LATE RALLY.
Ran Off Post Parade
A horse that is fractious or rank in the post parade and gets the best of his rider and runs off prior or during the warm up period.
Rank
Essentially this is the same as being fractious: When a horse is hard to handle or unruly. The horse may appear to be “fired up” throwing his or her head around while running or fighting the jockey. Used to describe a horse that is fighting his jockey and is unmanageable.
Refused To Break
Used only at the start. A horse who stands in the gate after the starter has opened the gates and will not come out. Note : Horses that refuse to break MUST be listed as a “good for all but…” in the start line.
Returned Lame
A horse that returns to be unsaddled following the running or a race that is limping noticeably.
Returned Sore
A horse that returned sore is one that is walking gingerly when returning to be unsaddled. When he stops to have his saddle removed, he may stand with his legs spread unusually far apart. Use this term with discretion.
Ridden out
Mild encouragement by rider in the stretch. A RIDDEN OUT winner is one who is under intermittent urging (whipping) by his rider or under a mild hand ride through the final furlong.
Right Handed Urging
This term applies to a horse that in under right handed whipping.
Rough Trip
Used to describe a horse that experienced a number of incidents that compromised his chances of winning. (e.g. a horse that steadied at the start, was in tight on the turn, forced was forced to alter course, etc.).
Roughed
Used to describe a horse that has experienced traffic problems. His jockey has been forced to steady due to the fact that a rival has impeded his progress. He has been bumped and jostled around.
Roused
When a hockey asks his mount to respond, either by strong hand urging or by using the whip.
Route
Race at a distance of a mile or longer (generally run arouond two turns).
Router
Horse who performs well in distance races.
Rushed To Contention
This occurs when a horse makes a quick move to become a sharp factor. He may either sustain his bid, or flatten out.
Rushed To Lead
When a horse makes a quick move from off the leaders to take command.
Saddle cloth
Cloth under the saddle on which a horses program number (and sometimes name) is displayed.
Saddle Slipped
This term is used when a chartcaller observes that the saddle on a horse has moved either backward or sideways due to the fact that the girth, which holds the saddle in place has not been tightened properly. When a horse’s saddle slips, in most instances the jockey loses proper balance and cannot control his mount.
Savaged
Term applies when a horse that is quite competitive is dueling with another rival and he reaches out, attempting to bite them. This term generally shows up well when reviewing the head on video tape replay.
Saved Ground
This term is used to describe the trip that the horse had during the race. If a horse is allowed to stay inside, just off the inner rail throughout, he SAVED GROUND.
Scratch
The withdrawal of a horse after the entries are announced but before post time.
Second Best
Obviously, this term is used for a horse that finishes second, and is clearly superior to the rest of horses in the field.
Second Flight
When a horse is racing in the second group of horses in a race. Generally there is a group of horses dueling for the lead, then another group a few lengths back. A horse in the second group is racing in the second flight.
Set Pace
This term describes a situation where a horse is leading at any point during a race. (e.g. SET PACE for a half, SET PACE to deep stretch, etc.).
Set Pressured Pace
When a horse is racing on the lead, but has a rival in close pursuit less than a length back.
Shadow roll
A lambswool-covered noseband positioned halfway up a horse’s face to keep him from seeing shadows on the ground.
Shake up
Urging by the jockey, either with his hands or the whip, to make the horse run faster.
Shipper
A horse that has traveled from one track to another to run in a race.
Show
Finishing third in a race.
Show bet
Wager on a horse to finish in the money; third or better.
Showed Little
This term is another used to describe a horse’s entire race. If he was not in contention at any point, he SHOWED LITTLE. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH NO FACTOR, NO THREAT, OUTRUN, ETC.
Shuffled Back
In most instances, this term is used at the start, when a horse becomes sandwiched between rivals. He does not have to steady sharply, however he does lose valuable position. This term may also be used when horses are bunched and lose position.
Shut Off
This term is descriptive of a case in which a horse is caught in traffic with no racing room. In most instances the jockey will have to take up when in this situation.
Shut out
When a player fails to make his bet at the window prior to the gate opening.
Simulcast
Televising a race to other tracks, OTB offices, or other outlets for the purpose of wagering.
Sire
Father of a horse.
Slow Early
This term is generally reserved for stretch runners. Many horses have to settle into stride for a period of time before launching their bid and this is a good descriptive term to categorize this running style.
Slow Pace
When the fractional times of a race are substantially slower than the average times for that distance.
Soft
Condition of a turf course that usually indicates the worst type of footing.
Speed
This term should be used in conjunction with a position on the track to indicate that a horse was prominent to this point (e.g. speed to upper stretch).
Spit the bit
When horses stop running abruptly, usually because they are tired.
Split Horses
As implied, this term refers to a horse that moves between horses to gain contention.
Squeezed
Term generally used at the start. It occurs when a horse is sandwiched between rivals, losing valuable ground. IT IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH PINCHED BACK.
Stakes Race
The highest class of race reserved for the best horses. Derived from the word “sweepstakes,” and along with handicap races applies to the highest caliber of race offered. Owners typically pay an entry fee to nominate, enter, and run their horses. Handicap and stakes races offer the largest purses of all the various types of races.
Stalked Pace
Used to describe a situation when a horse is allowed to press the pace while still in hand. IT IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH PRESSED PACE.
Starting gate
Mechanical device having partitions (stalls) for horses in which they are confined until the starter releases the doors in front to begin the race.
Statebred
A horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in races.
Steadied
This is when the horse breaks his or her momentum, usually because of traffic issues. Also could be used as “had to steady.” Essentially, the jockey changes his focus from getting the horse to go forward to making sure that the horse has his balance and can run safely. This term is interchangeable with CHECKED and refers to a condition when a jockey has to take a strong hold on his mount due to the fact that he is experiencing traffic trouble. In most cases, a horse that has to steady is thrown off stride momentarily. If the steadying incident is not severe you may use steadied briefly, or if the incident in more pronounced, steadied sharply.
Steady Advance
This term may be used to describe a horse that made constant, even progress to contention.
Stewards
Track officials responsible for enforcing the rules.
Stick
A jockey’s whip.
Stickers (mud caulks)
Caulks on shoes which give a horse better traction in mud or on soft tracks.
Stopped
This term is a description of a horse who gives way suddenly or races forwardly and tires badly.
Stumbled
This occurs when a horse either loses his footing at the start and is scrambling to regain his best stride, or when he is caught in tight quarters and forced to steady. Another possibility is when a horse clips a rival’s heels.
Pick four horses. If they finish 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th, in exact order, you win.">Superfecta
A wager in which the player attempts to select the order of the first four finishers in a race. Due to the difficulty of this wager, a winning superfecta wager generally pays out at high odds.
Swerved
As implied, this term is used when a horse changes course suddenly, either inward or outward.
Swung Wide
When a horse is taken farther out from the inner rail to secure racing room.
Tag
Claiming price. A horse entered for a “tag” is entered in a claiming race.
Taken Up
Similar to steadied: when a horse is re-directed by the rider but can still go on. Term to describe a horse that encounters traffic problems, forcing his rider to pull up on the reins. It generally forces a horse to alter his stride and lose ground.
Taken Back
When a horse is restrained by his rider during the early stages of a race. In most instances, this tactic is used by a rider when the pace is too fast, or to allow a late running horse to settle into stride before launching his bid.
Takeout
The percentage of tax taken from each betting pool at the track and distributed according to state law among the state, horsemen (purses), and racetrack. On average, 17 percent is taken out of win, place, and show pools, with 83 percent returned to winning bettors.
TCO2 Sample/Testing
A blood sample collected on race day to test for the use or administration of an alkalinizing agent (i.e. milkshaking). The administration of alkalinizing agents including bicarbonate is of concern to racing authorities because resultant alkalosis may enhance performance and interfere with the detection of drugs in post-race urine. Sodium bicarbonate given by nasogastric tube has been used by some trainers as the key ingredient in a “milkshake.”
They’re at the post
This one seems to vary from track to track. For example, at NYRA tracks it’s when there is 0 minutes to post (MTP) and the horses are ready to be loaded in the gate. At Woodbine it’s used when the horses are loaded in the gate and the race is about to start.
Through After Half
When a horse is prominent during the first half mile of a race, either setting or prompting the pace, then tires significantly.
Through Early
When a horse shows brief speed then drops back during the early stages of a race.
Timeform
One of the biggest information sources in the horse racing industry. They offer Timeform Race Passes, a subscription service that gives access to Timeform ratings, analysis, flags, etc.
Timeform Early/Late Rating
An overall rating based on multiple races.
Timeform Rating
A typical rule of thumbs is Timeform Rating - 13 = Beyer Figure.
TimeformUS Pace Figure
Shows how fast the horse ran at different points of call. The numbers are colored. Red indicates the pace was much faster than would be expected for the final time of the race. Blue indicates the pace was much slower. Note: It is not recommended that you compare pace figures across different distances or surfaces.
Tired
Term used when a horse races forwardly for some period during the race, then loses ground. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH GAVE WAY, WEAKENED, FALTERED, ETC.
Tout
One who gives tips on racehorses, usually with expectation of some personal reward in return; to give tips.
Tote board
A computerized display with odds, time, payouts, and other race details.
Track Take
Money deducted from each pool for track revenue and taxes.
Trailed
This self explanatory term is used when a horse is racing last during any portion of the race.
Pick three horses. If they finish 1st, 2nd and 3rd, in exact order, you win.">Trifecta
A wager in which the player selects the first three horses in a race in order.
Triple Crown
A series of races comprised of the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes.
Turf
Grass. The most common racing surface in most of the world, excluding North America, where dirt is more popular.
Unchallenged
When a horse is racing on the lead with no pressure exerted by his rivals.
Under wraps
Similar to “in hand,” generally when the jockey is trying to keep the horse from expending more energy than necessary. Can also be referred to as a jockey “wrapping up” on a horse. This typically happens when a horse is winning by a comfortable margin or when it’s clear that the horse has no chance to win.
Unhurried Early
This term is used to describe a horse that is allowed to settle into stride before launching his bid. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH ALLOWED TO SETTLE.
Unprepared Start
There are a number of instances when this term can be used. The most common is when a horse has his head turned sideways when the starter opens the gate and breaks poorly. There are also instances when the rider is unprepared for the start.
Unruly Gate
See FRACTIOUS IN GATE.
Up In Final Strides
As implied, this term is used to describe a situation in which a horse rallied from off the pace, then finishes determinedly to get the victory in the late stages. Note : This term is used only with a horse that won.
Up For Place
When a horse finishes well to gain the runner up spot.
Used Up
A horse that has been under pressure to prompt the pace, or a horse that was hustled to set the early pace and tires.
Vied For Lead
When a horse is dueling for command with another rival or rivals.
Void Early Speed
This term is another for a late running horse who is allowed to settle before launching his bid. THIS TERM IS INTERCHANGEABLE WITH ALLOWED TO SETTLE AND UNHURRIED EARLY.
Washy Post Parade
This is another term which should prove very beneficial to serious handicappers. It should be used when a horse is unusually wet when coming onto the track and in some instances is lathered up in the neck area and between his hind legs. Note : In some instances, on very hot days all horses will be wet on the track. Use this term ONLY when a horse’s condition is not comparable with others in the field. It indicates the horse is very nervous.
Weakened
This common term is the same as TIRED or GAVE WAY. The horse has raced forwardly, then gave ground.
Well Handled
When a horse is on the lead and the jockey allows him to relax nicely, many times slowing down the pace to increase his chance of victory.
Well held
This is when the horse wants to run, but the jockey is holding the reins tight, keeping the horse from running too quickly too early in the race.
Well Placed
When a horse is well within striking position.
Well Rated
This term is a comment on the jockey’s handling of his mount. It generally applies to a horse that is on the lead and the jockey allows his mount to relax nicely, many times slowing down the pace to enhance his chance of victory.
Wheeled Gate
Used only at the start. This term refers to an instance when a horse makes either a sharp right or left turn immediately out of the starting gate and is pulled up.
Wide Early
As implied, this term can be used when a horse is forced to race wide during the early stages of a race. Use this term when a horse is a least five or more horses wide.
Wire
The finish line. It’s an imaginary line running between the poles.
Wore Down Rivals
Use this term only with winners. This describes a horse who closed determinedly to get up for victory after a prolonged drive.
Wouldn’t Load Gate
Self explanatory term for a horse who is fractious entering the starting gate and delays the start for an unusual period of time.
Yielding
Condition of turf course between firm and soft